NEW DELHI—David Headley, the Pakistani-American who pleaded guilty in U.S. federal court to aiding the 2008 Mumbai terrorist attacks, identified voices of some key conspirators in the gruesome shooting spree, a top Indian official said.

Indian investigators played intelligence phone intercepts for Mr. Headley during an interrogation this year, said the official, Home Secretary G.K. Pillai. The U.S. made Mr. Headley available to Indian officials for questioning in Chicago in early June. India had pressed for access to him on U.S. soil because his U.S. plea deal barred his extradition.

Mr. Pillai said in an interview that Mr. Headley was able to identify three out of four Pakistan-based "handlers" for the attacks in those recordings. Mr. Headley told investigators he personally had two handlers, one from the militant group Lashkar-e-Taiba, which India believes carried out the attacks, and one from Pakistan's spy agency, the Inter-Services Intelligence.

Mr. Pillai said information from Mr. Headley's interrogation in early June and other evidence was submitted to Pakistan this summer to further the country's prosecution of those responsible for the deadly rampage in Mumbai, in which 10 gunmen killed more than 160 people at some of the city's top tourist spots and hotels. But Pakistan is making "no progress" despite India's leads, Mr. Pillai said.

"I don't think they're going to do anything about it," Mr. Pillai said, adding that he believes that Pakistan's moves so far to advance the case are a "facade" and that it isn't pursuing the people in the "control room" who orchestrated the attacks. He said Pakistan is wary of cracking down on top militants, for fear they will "sing" and implicate Pakistani government officials in the attacks. "They just can't do it," he said.

Abdul Basit, a spokesman for Pakistan's foreign ministry, said India this summer gave Pakistan the names of six Pakistani nationals, including two people believed to be serving or former military officers, who Mr. Headley said were involved in the Mumbai attacks. But he said Pakistan has been unable to identify these people, whom Mr. Headley likely knew by pseudonyms.

Pakistan has strongly denied having any role in the Mumbai attacks. It has charged seven people in its Mumbai investigation, including Lashkar-e-Taiba members, but their trials haven't started. Indian officials have been frustrated at what they see as stalling tactics, a major reason attempted peace talks between the nuclear-armed rivals haven't got off the ground this year.

Mr. Headley, the 49-year-old son of a Pakistani diplomat and an American woman, was arrested by U.S authorities in October and pleaded guilty in March in a Chicago federal court to several terrorism-related charges. He acknowledged attending training camps in Pakistan operated by Lashkar-e-Taiba and conducting surveillance of several Mumbai targets ahead of the attacks as well as helping co-conspirators find landing sites in Mumbai for attackers arriving by sea.

Mr. Headley's attorney, John Theis, said Sunday that the plea agreement his client signed in March "requires him to cooperate with authorities." Mr. Theis wouldn't comment on the specific claims that Mr. Headley identified the voices of key conspirators. "As to any meetings he may or may not have had with law enforcement, I couldn't comment," Mr. Theis said.

Mr. Pillai said Mr. Headley's interrogation revealed a "sophisticated command-and-control" network that orchestrated the attacks. Each handler he identified on the tapes was responsible for a different target—one for the Taj Mahal Palace hotel, one for the Chabad Jewish community center and so on.

Among the names India turned over to Pakistan was Sajid Mir, who India believes was one of the masterminds of the Mumbai attack as a top official in Lashkar-e-Taiba. The intelligence intercepts India has turned over to Pakistan are strong evidence of Mr. Mir's role, Mr. Pillai said. He said he has told Pakistani officials, "I've given you the photograph, I've given you the voice transcript, the guy is in Pakistan. You go catch all the Sajid Mirs you've got in Pakistan, match the voice transcript, and you've got your guy."

Under his plea deal, the U.S. agreed not to extradite Mr. Headley, a decision that has made it more difficult for India and Pakistan to use his testimony to help prosecute those whom he identified as responsible for supervising the attacks. Mr. Pillai said the U.S. made that decision "unilaterally" and "without consulting either India or Pakistan." As a result, he said, Mr. Headley's statements can't be used in Indian or Pakistani courts, though his identification of Mumbai planners on voice recordings has furthered India's investigations into the attacks. Mr. Pillai said it was a "sovereign decision of the U.S." to make a deal with Mr. Headley.

A U.S. embassy spokeswoman in New Delhi declined to comment. In June, U.S. Ambassador to India Timothy Roemer said India and the U.S. enjoyed "superb cooperation" in the questioning of Mr. Headley in Chicago.

—Tom Wright contributed to this article.